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                            Humihealth. blogspot.com

                                          by

                                P.K. Ghatak, MD.

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                                   Index II

          

202                   04 / 03 /2024          Stories  Nails Tell

201                   03/20/2024             Heart Failure

200               03/17/24              Toxoplasma gondii

199                 03/14/24            Burkitt Lymphoma Virus  

198                 03/11/24            Chickenpox

197                 03/6/24              Cytomegalo virus

196                     02/17/24               Prion Diseases                                                       

195                02/16/24              Prion

Number	Date	Title
194	02/09/24	Pneumocystis jirovicii pnemonia
193	02/09/24	Amoebiasis
192	02/05/24	Giardiasis
191	02/03/24	Whipworm infection
190	01/03/24	Tapeworm disease
189	12/11/23	Blood Flukes
188	12/06/23	Ascaris lumbricoidis
187	12/04/23	Hookworm
186	12/01/23	Lung Flukes
185	11/28/23	Fasciola Hepatica
184	11/25/23	Oriental Sores
183	11/21/23	Chagas Disease
182	11/14/23	Dracunculiasis
180	11/13/23	Elephantiasis & Tropical Eosinophilia
179	11/12/23	Onchocerciasis
Duplicate	11/12/23	Loiasis
"	11/11/23	Myiasis
"	11/10/23	Rickettsia Pox
"	11/10/23	Endemic Typhus
"	11/10/23	Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
"	11/10/23	Lyme Disease
"	11/10/23	St. Louis Encephalitis
"	11/09/23	Babesiosis
"	11/09/23	Powassan Encephalitis
"	11/09/23	West Nile Encephalitis
"	11/09/23	Japanese Virus Encephalitis
"	11/09/23	Chikungunya
178	11/08/23	Dengue

                                  Index I

Number	Date	Title
1	05/03/23	New brain cell formation after birth
2	04/29/23	Sugar and diabetes mellitus
3	04/10/13	Creatin / creatinine and kidney
4	04/15/23	Looking for essential amino acid
5	03/28/23	Cholesterol and lipoprotein
6	03/12/23	Anatomy of the human soul
7	03/08/23	C- Reactive protein
8	03/04/23	Liver cancer
9	02/26/23	Food poisoning
10	02/16/23	Peptic ulcer
11	02/02/23	Iron deficiency anemia
12	01/29/23	Cardiomegaly
13	01/21/23	Immune cells of the brain and spinal cord
14	01/17/23	Cornea and corneal transplant
15	01/12/23	Nasal septum
16	01/08/23	Eardrum
17	12/22/22	Neurotransmitter
18	12/14/22	Connective tissue and mixed connective tissue disease
19	12/21/23	Science of taste
20	12/03/22	Muscle disease
21	11/23/22	Cartilage and diseases of cartilage
22	11/19/22	Leishmaniasis
23	11/12/22	Malaria
24	11/03/22	Heat intolerance
25	11/04/22	How we see the outside world
26	10/31/22	Movement disorder
27	10/24/22	Epstein-Barr virus infection
28	10/23/22	Monkey pox
29	10/23/22	What Cerebellum does
30	10/18/22	Science of skin color
31	10/16/22	Speech disorder
32	10/13/22	Abnormal RBC morphology and significance
33	10/10/22	Eosinophils and diseases associated with eosinophils
34	10/03/22	Oral ulcer
35	10/01/22	Gut bacteria and human health
36	09/03/22	Long COVID
37	08/24/22	Bell's palsy
38	08/21/22	Dizziness and vertigo
39	07/24/22	Sudden death
40	06/15/22	Epilepsy
41	05/31/22	Regulation of body temperature
42	05/26/22	Oxygen radical
43	05/18/22	A Look at the diabetic kidney
44	04/29/22	Kidney and BP
45	04/16/22	Kidney stone
46	04/09/22	Chronic pancreatitis
47	04/03/22	Gene controlling human hair color
48	03/25/22	Red eye
49	03/21/22	Trace elements and human health
50	03/14/22	Penicillin allergy
51	03/10/22	Insulin resistance
52	03/19/22	Immune reaction
53	01/24/22	Interleukin-6
54	01/16/22	Lactic dehydrogenase
55	01/13/22	Pulmonary function test
56	01/10/22	Diabetes mellitus II and microvascular changes
57	12/30/21	Extragonadal germinal cell tumors
58	12/26/21	Hearing in old age
59	12/13/21	Dream
60	12/11/21	Memory
61	12/03/21	Sleep
62	12/03/21	Folic acid
63	11/30/21	Vitamin B12
64	11/19/21	Thalamus and outline of the sensory system
65	11/19/21	Adrenal glands
66	10/09/21	Mycoplasma pneumonia
67	10/02/21	Respiratory failure - pathophysiology
68	09/29/21	Near drowning
69	09/23/21	Spit /Sputum / Phlegm
70	09/19/21	Noncardiac pulmonary edema
71	09/10/21	Eosinophil and eosinophilic pneumonia
72	09/03/21	Pulmonary arterial hypertension
73	08/01/21	Pleural effusion
74	08/30/21	Multiple myeloma
75	08/20/21	Pituitary gland
76	08/18/21	Appendix
77	08/17/21	Color of urine
78	08/15/21	Sarcoidosis
79	08/14/21	Thymus
80	08/13/21	Liver
81	08/11/21	Pancreas
82	07/11/21	Bronchogenic cyst
83	07/19/21	Speech disorder
84	07/11/21	Stunned myocardium
85	07/08/21	Slow growing cancer of the lungs
86	07/06/21	Benign tumors of the lungs
87	07/03/21	Fever
88	07/01/21	Common cold
89	06/28/21	Sternutation
90	06/28/21	Cough
91	06/26/21	I can't breathe
92	06/24/21	Chest pain
93	06/22/21	Single pulmonary nodule
94	06/21/21	Psoriasis
95	03/07/21	Lung abscess
96	03/07/21	Empyema
97	03/04/21	Science of high altitude pulmonary edema
98	02/28/21	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
99	02/21/21	Embolus
100	02/15/21	A-V malformation
101	02/11/21	6 minute walk test
102	02/09/21	Hemoptysis
103	02/07/21	Bronchiectasis
104	02/03/21	Understanding chronic bronchitis
105	01/28/21	Mycobacteria avium intercellulare
106	01/28/21	Mycobacterium kansasii infection
107	01/24/21	Clinical presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis
108	01/20/21	Metal fumes and lung disease
109	01/09/21	Black lung disease
110	01/14/21	Hypersensitive pneumonitis
111	01/14/21	Radiation pneumonitis
112	01/09/21	Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
113	01/09/21	Aspergillus and asthma
114	01/04/21	Cystic fibrosis and Pseudomonas
115	01/01/21	Migratory pneumonia
116	12/31/20	CAP and walking pneumonia
117	12/30/20	Legionaries' disease
118	12/29/20	Surfactant and alveolar proteinosis
119	12/27/20	IgA and IgA associated diseases
120	12/26/20	Hemoglobin and Bets Thalassemia
121	10/18/20	Iron and Hemochromatosis
122	10/12/20	Fighting with a killer
123	10/11/20	Mutation of a gene of Psoriasis
124	09/01/20	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
125	08/25/20	Memory and dementia
126	08/19/20	Amyloidosis
127	08/15/20	Leukotrienes
128	08/14/20	Prostaglandins
129	08/11/20	Controlling malaria
130	08/06/20	Advances in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
131	08/02/20	Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
132	07/27/20	Interleukin
133	06/01/20	Platelets
134	05/30/20	Oral agents of DM2
135	05/26/20	Immunocytes and Immunomodulators
136	05/15/20	Stem cells and stem cell transplantation
137	05/05/20	COVID-19 vaccine
138	03/09/20	Ewing's sarcoma
139	05/27/19	A miserable human malady
140	05/09/19	Multiple Sclerosis
141	05/01/19	The soft bones and porous bones
142	04/20/19	Blood thinners
143	04/13/19	Enlarged prostate gland
144	04/11/19	Chronic Myeloid leukemia
145	04/07/19	The other side of the transplant
146	03/30/19	Human Heart
147	07/01/17	The spleen
148	07/09/11	The abnormal gene and cancer
149	07/02/11	Fat cell - Adipocytes
150	06/13/11	Carcinoid and other neuroendocrine tumors
151	05/30/11	Parathyroid glands and Parathyroid hormone
152	03/29/11	Emphysema
153	03/22/11	Phosphorus
154	03/07/11	Calcium
155	03/03/11	Vitamin D
156	01/31/11	Hunger and obesity
157	01/20/11	Hepatitis
158	01/17/11	Wheezing
159	01/06/11	Sinister headache
160	10/10/11	Varicose veins
161	05/14/09	Double vision
162	05/06/09	A sluggish Thyroid gland
163	05/01/09	Human Hair
164	04/2720/09	Blood sugar
165	04/23/2009	Calcium and bone
166	04/2420/09	Know your Blood Pressure
167	11/04/2009	Lock at your hand
168	11/12/2023	Onchocerciasis
169	11/12/2023	Loiasis
170	11/11/2023	Myiasis
171	11/10/2023	Rickettsia pox
172	11/10/2023	Epidemic Typhus
173	11102023	Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
175	11/10/2023	St. Louis Encephalitis
176	11/09/2023	Babesiosis
177	11/09/2023	Powassan Encephalitis

New Brain Cell Formation After Birth

 Brain Cell Growth After Birth.

PKGhatak, MD

The study of Postnatal Neurogenesis of the brain, meaning brain cell growth after birth has become an urgent issue in order to find a cure for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

The word “growth” includes new neuron formation and growth of the size of individual nerve cells. In the brain nerve cells are mainly of three kinds - 1. Neurons, 2. Supporting cells called Microglia and 3. Limited numbers of Ependymal cells which secrete the cerebrospinal fluid. Nerve fibers - axons and dendrons proliferate beyond comprehension. The growth of the brain after birth encompasses all these components. But scientists are mainly interested in New Neuron Formation.

Few eye-opening numbers about the brain:

By the time of birth, the newborn brain has 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses. To meet that goal, the developing brain generated about a quarter million cells per minute.  Though smaller in size, the child's brain makes 50 % more synaptic connections along with the growth of nerve fibers. By the age of 8 child's brain has achieved near complete growth and development. Thereafter, remodeling of the brain takes place which is primarily of pruning of synapses; migration of neurons and new neuron formations take place in the Hippocampus, Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex of the brain.

Stages of growth:

There are several stages of growth and development. They are - Neuron generation, Differentiation, Neuron Migration, Synaptogenesis, Myelination and Synapse Pruning.

                This articles is a brief discussion of new neuron formation.

Studies are performed in the laboratory on small mammals like rats. Then those experiments that do not require invasive procedures are carried out on humans. 

                                                           Memory.

Memory acquisition in children grows in geometric proportion and then continues at a much slower pace throughout the entire adult life. Research is going on to verify whether new information stored as memory requires new neuron generation. Hippocampus, which is the site of memory formation and short time storage site, is the main area of interest for the researchers.

New nerve cells grow from Neuronal Stem Cell:

 In the subgranular layer of the Dentate Gyrus (DN) close to the hilum, the Neuronal Stem Cells are present. The stem cells divide and increase in numbers and form new neurons. The newly formed neurons migrate to the granular layer of the DN and then migrate to the hippocampus. Neurons produce new synapses very rapidly in 5 stages, including the capacity to generate calbindin, a marker for synaptic integration.

Factors influencing Neurone formation:

Stress, glucocorticoids, depression and chronic illness delay or suppress new neuron formation and synaptic connections and in fact, may even prune the already existing synapses.

Enhancement of neurogenesis is seen by the action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), serotonin and those drugs block the reuptake of serotonin, an example, Fluoxetine. Metformin also increases neurogenesis in cell cultures containing human neuronal stem cells and in animal models.

The question is whether these experimental successes can be duplicated in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ALS and Huntington’s disease.

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